Demo: SPL

Parallax error means reading instruments incorrectly due to viewing them from an angle, not straight on. The other options refer to communication errors, misjudging speed while taxiing, or age-related vision issues, which are unrelated.

Non-polarised lenses are important because polarised lenses can distort cockpit instruments and displays. Curved sidepieces, unbreakable material, and no UV filter are less relevant or even harmful for flight safety.

The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nose-throat region for pressure equalization. The eardrum is a membrane, the cochlea and inner ear are parts of the inner ear, not the connection to the nose-throat region.

Only if the eustachian tube is blocked, pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment is not possible. Mouth breathing, slow climb, or closed windows do not affect this process.

After a prolonged turn, leveling the wings can create the illusion of turning in the opposite direction. This happens because the inner ear adapts to the turn. The other options are incorrect as they refer to descent, climb, or continued turn, not the typical illusion.

An upslope runway appears closer, making pilots feel they will overshoot. This is why the impression of an overshoot is correct. The other options (undershoot, landing beside the centre line, hard landing) are not typical effects of an upslope.

Vertigo is most likely when moving the head during a turn, as the inner ear is especially confused by rotational movements. During climb, descent, or straight flight, these stimuli are weaker, so the risk is lower.

A 'Grey-out' is caused by positive g-forces, which push blood away from the head, reducing blood flow to the eyes and causing grey vision. Hyperventilation, tiredness, and smoking do not cause this specific effect.

Visual illusions are mostly caused by misinterpretation of the brain, which processes sensory input incorrectly. Binocular vision, colour blindness, and rapid eye movements are not main causes of such illusions.

The correct answer is 0.1%. An adult reduces blood alcohol by about 0.1% per hour. 0.3% and 1.0% are much too high, and 0.03% or 0.01% are too low. 0.1% matches the average metabolic rate.

Being overweight is a major risk factor for diabetes because it reduces insulin sensitivity. Sunbathing, sleep deficiency, and smoking do not directly increase the risk like being overweight does.

Short-term memory can store 5 (+/-2) items for 10 to 20 seconds. The other options are incorrect because they state either the wrong number of items or an incorrect duration for short-term memory.

Short-term memory stores information for about 10 to 20 seconds. This is enough to keep information briefly. The other time spans are either too short or too long for short-term memory.

A latent error is an error which remains undetected in the system for a long time. The other options are incorrect because they refer to conscious errors, immediate effects, or consequences only after landing.

The correct answer is 'situational awareness' because it means continuously perceiving and understanding the current flight situation. The other terms are not official or commonly used in aviation.

The use of radio phraseology ensures everyone uses the same terms and codes. The other options relate to equipment or technical aspects, but do not prevent misunderstandings from using different words or codes.

Group-dynamic effects make individuals adapt to group behavior, increasing risk acceptance. Lack of information, nervousness, or excellent weather forecasts do not systematically lead to higher risk-taking.

'Macho attitude' and 'invulnerability' often go together because both lead to risky behavior. The other combinations are incorrect as they are either opposites or not commonly seen together.

Risky flight manoeuvres to impress spectators indicate a macho attitude, as they involve unnecessary risk-taking. The other options reflect careful, responsible, or cautious behavior, which are not signs of a macho attitude.

The bias to see what we expect to see can cause errors, as it makes us overlook real discrepancies. The other options promote carefulness and help prevent mistakes.

The best combination is 'Extroverted - stable' because a stable, extroverted pilot communicates well, remains calm, and acts appropriately under stress. The other options involve instability or poor communication, which can make flying less safe.

The correct answer is 'increased cockpit automation' because automation can make pilots less vigilant. The other options are incorrect as they do not directly cause complacency but refer to other issues or benefits.

The ideal level of arousal is at Point B, where performance is highest. Point A shows too little arousal (low performance), Points C and D show too much arousal (performance drops). Only at Point B is the balance optimal.

At Point D, performance drops sharply due to excessive stress—this is where the pilot is overstrained. Points A, B, and C are in the range of optimal or increasing performance, not overstrain.

The correct answer is: Attention, concentration, responsiveness, and memory are all influenced by stress. Stress affects many mental abilities. The other answers are incorrect because they do not include all affected properties.